A Practical Guide to Steam and Condensate Engineering

1.0 Heat Engineering Concepts

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What is steam?

1.3 Boiling and evaporation point of water

1.4 Steam table for saturated steam

1.5 Superheated steam

1.6 The h-p-t diagram

1.7 Temperature of a steam-air mixture

1.8 Energy costs per tonne of steam

2.0 Boiler Plants

2.1 Low-pressure boiler plant

2.2 Combined heat and power boiler house

2.3 Turbine types

2.4 CHP Plant with a Gas Turbine

3.0 Boiler Accessories

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Bottom or Intermittent and continuous blowdown valves

3.3 Safety valves

3.4 Water level indicators

3.5 Feedwater globe/check valves

3.7 Pressure reducing valves

3.8 Water treatment

3.10 Formation of corrosion

3.11 Softening and decarbonisation

3.12 Demineralisation

3.13 Monitoring make-up, feed and boiler water

3.15 Spray deaerators

3.16 Practical information on operation

3.17 Continuous (TDS) and bottom blowdown process

4.0 Pipes

4.1 Introduction

4.3 Determination of the pipe diameter

4.4 Expansion of steam pipes

4.5 Heat loss via pipe supports

4.6 Heat transmission losses in uninsulated pipes and valves

5.0 Pipe Drainage

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Drainage of steam pipes

5.3 Putting steam pipes into service

5.4 Removing steam pipes from service

5.5 Start-up drain valves

5.6 How to prevent freezing

5.7 Draining remote steam pipes

5.8 Steam traps for pipe drainage

6.0 Condensate Management

6.1 Condensate as a cost factor

6.2 Efficient condensate systems

6.3 Water hammer

6.4 Condensate flashing

6.5 Condensate flash vessels

6.6 Multi-stage condensate flashing

6.7 How to avoid the flash steam cloud

7.0 Steam Traps

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Steam trap specifications

7.3 Classification of steam traps

7.4 Mechanical steam traps

7.5 Thermostatic steam traps

7.6 Bimetallic steam traps

7.7 Thermodynamic steam traps

7.8 Fixed orifice devices

8.0 Test Systems for Steam Traps

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Live steam leakage

8.3 Condensate back-up

8.4 Test methods

8.5 Determination of leakage losses

9.0 Trace Heaters

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Trace heater classes

9.3 Heat requirement of a pipe

9.4 Heat output of a trace heater

9.5 Calculating the number of tracers

9.6 Methods of trace heating

9.7 Details about trace heaters

9.8 Putting a trace heater into service

9.9 Selecting a steam trap

10.0 Appendix

10.1 Saturated steam tables

10.2 Superheated steam tables

10.3 Symbols used, units

10.4 Conversion factors for units

10.5 Flow velocities in pipes

10.6 Recommended values in technical literature

11.0 Index

A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O / P / Q / R / S / T / U / V / W / X / Y / Z